Introduction . Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions1 , 2 , 3 , 4, primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from human activities4 , 5 , 6, is one of the key challenges of our time. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) strategies are expected to play crucial roles in mitigating this challenge. However, current CCUS technologies remain energy-intensive and costly, compromising their environmental and economic sustainability7 , 8 , 9 ...